Applications of heterocyclic compounds

 

Application of heterocyclic compounds

In an organic chemistry, largest families of organic compounds are belongs in the heterocyclic compounds. In our daily life important of heterocyclic compounds are of very essential. It has broad range of application in medicinal chemistry and in agrochemicals products.

Applications of the heterocyclic compounds in detail are following below;

1.      Medicinal chemistry:

Heterocyclic have been found a key structural in medical chemistry and also they are frequently found in large percent in biomolecules such as enzyme, vitamins, natural products and biological active compounds including antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-convulsant, anti-allergic, enzyme inhibitors, herbicidal activity, anti-HIV, anti-diabetic, anticancer activity, insecticidal agents.

·         Antifungal activity:

It is substances or medications that used to treats the fungal infection which is most commonly located on the skin, hair and nails. There are some common fungal infections such as ringworm and athlete's foot, etc. The effect of antifungal medicine either by killing the fungal cells due to affecting on the substances of the cell membrane which is lead to cells components leak out and cell die. Another way is to preventing the growth and reproduction of the fungal cells.

Molnaretal have synthesized a series of dipicolinic acid derivatives, some of it show antifungal activity against fungal strains called Aspergillusflavus, Aspergillusochraceus, Fusariumgraminearum and Fusariumverticilioides.

Chitraetal have synthesized indole 3-acetic acid based biopolymeric hydrogels, this compounds also show activity against fungal infections and tested of several type of fungi including, Aspergillus fumigates, Rhizopusoryzae and Candida albicans at different concentrations using ketoconazole as positive control and Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) as negative control for antifungal activity.

·         Anti-inflammatory activity:

Is a term referring to the substances that used to treatment or reduces inflammations or swelling. Analgesic makes up about half of anti-inflammatory drugs. Relieving pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids which affect the central nervous system, to block painsignaling to the brain. The most common anti-inflammatory drugs are aspirin and ibuprofen and naproxen, this type of anti-inflammatory calledNon-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAIDs), this term recognizes these drugs from steroids. The mechanism of actions of these drugs includes inhibiting the activity of Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. The activity of these enzymes is in the metabolism of arachidonic acid. Isoenzymes of cyclooxygenase may be the target of certain NSAIDs.

Sawhney and Bhutani have prepared some novel 2-(2-benzothiazolyl)-6-aryl-4, 5-dihydro-3(2 H)-pyridazinone and found that they possessedlow to moderate anti-inflammatory activity.

Ghattasetal  have synthesized some of 4,6-Diamino-3-cyano-2-methylthiopyridine derivatives and proved this compounds have anti-inflammatory by carrageenan-induced pawoedema standard method in rats,

·         Antibacterial activity:

Antibacterial or antibiotics is a term that used to describe the drugs which are used for prevention or treatment of bacterial infections, either by killing or inhibit the growth of bacteria. The antiprotozoal activity also related to some of the antibiotics. Antibiotics do not effective against viral infections such as the common cold or influenza. The emergence of resistant organisms may happen if the using of antibiotics was inappropriate. The classification of antibiotics is according to the mechanisms of actions or chemical structural. Aromatic heterocyclic derivatives represent an important part of antibiotics chemical structure such as β-lactam derivatives, and there are a lot of chemists’ have been synthesis many compounds have this type of activity and tested it on several types of bacteria. We will review some of this works in recent two years.

Abbas and Zimam have been synthesized some new pyrimidine and 1,2,3,4-tetrazole derivatives based on sulfadiazine and tested these compounds on two types of bacteria Streptococcus spp., (Gram-positive bacteria) and Porphyromonasgingivalis (Gram-negative bacteria).

2.      In cancer therapy:

The technology and reasoning behind drug design are closely interrelated to the pre mediated inclusion of heterocyclic fragments with explicit physicochemical characteristics. Effectiveness and discernment through bio isosteric substitutions, lipophilicity, polarity, and aqueous solubility can eventually be modified to the point of changing and conditioning the possible mechanisms of action of heterocyclic drugs in an effort to attain molecularly targeted therapeutic agents. Regardless of their flexibility and effectiveness, as for any other therapeutics, there are many issues obstructing broader application and auxiliary expansion of such compounds into market drugs. Treatment of cancer is perhaps most widely suffering health care event due to the inherent confines regarding foremost therapeutic routes of chemotherapy, attendant side effects and toxicity to unaffected healthy cells. Such venomous effects may be skirted by selective targeted drug delivery approaches directly into malignant cells. With respect to this, nanostructure based delivery tools are the most attractive solutions associated with various cancer chemotherapy hindrances. In order to circumvent the poor physicochemical characteristics of many therapeutic heterocyclic compounds including their pharmacokinetic and dynamic properties and advance their use towards clinical translation, numerous formulation development studies have been conducted using various nanostructured systems. The nanostructured heterocyclic compounds are capable enough to bind and/or encapsulate with targeting carrier and allows the exploit of improved cell permeability and retaining effect appropriate for malignant targeting. This facilitates for an accumulated concentration of therapeutic agent at the tumor site with a resultant increase in efficiency while decreasing the unwanted side effects and avoids effecting healthy cells. The surface nanocarriers may be conjugated with extra targeting moieties to enhance the selectivity towards malignant tissues with specific overexpressed receptors, and/or other biomarkers. Nanostructured carrier systems include polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes; albumin bound metallic nanoparticles, and dendrimers. Regardless of widespread nanomaterials are in use, encapsulated nanostructures such as polymeric nanoparticles and liposomal formulations are found to be serving most favourable with more than 30 nano formulations in ongoing clinical trials.

3.      In Agrochemistry:

the different roles of heterocyclic scaffolds in crop protection agents and the major possibilities for their synthesis are take place. An overview is given of the significance of heterocycles in crop protection chemistry, which is enormous as more than two-thirds of all agrochemicals launched to the market within the last 20 years belong to this huge group of chemicals.

The chemistry of heterocycles is an important branch of organic chemistry. This is due to the fact that a large number of natural products, e. g. hormones, antibiotics, vitamins, etc. are composed of heterocyclic structures. Often, these compounds show beneficial properties and are therefore applied as pharmaceuticals to treat diseases or as insecticides, herbicides or fungicides in crop protection. This volume presents important agrochemicals. A valuable one-stop reference source for researchers in academia and industry as well as for graduate students with career aspirations in the agrochemical chemistry. The agrochemicals or agrochemistry deals with theamino acids; bioisosteres; fungicides; herbicides; heterocycles; heterocyclization; insecticides; multicomponent reactions; propesticides.

4.      In industries:

Heterocyclic compounds are used in the industries for many purposes. The heterocyclic compounds are used in the manufacturing of the heterocycles and natural colors, dyes, flourescents agents, heterocycles as food additives, heterocycles as cosmetics and perfumery ingredients, colour change compounds, fire retardancy, and many other applications etc.

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